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- /* $NetBSD: fpu_sqrt.c,v 1.2 1994/11/20 20:52:46 deraadt Exp $ */
-
- /*
- * Copyright (c) 1992, 1993
- * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
- *
- * This software was developed by the Computer Systems Engineering group
- * at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory under DARPA contract BG 91-66 and
- * contributed to Berkeley.
- *
- * All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- * must display the following acknowledgement:
- * This product includes software developed by the University of
- * California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- * must display the following acknowledgement:
- * This product includes software developed by the University of
- * California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- * without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- *
- * @(#)fpu_sqrt.c 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/11/93
- */
-
- /*
- * Perform an FPU square root (return sqrt(x)).
- */
-
- #include "types.h"
-
- #include "reg.h"
- #include "fpu_arit.h"
- #include "fpu_emul.h"
-
- /*
- * Our task is to calculate the square root of a floating point number x0.
- * This number x normally has the form:
- *
- * exp
- * x = mant * 2 (where 1 <= mant < 2 and exp is an integer)
- *
- * This can be left as it stands, or the mantissa can be doubled and the
- * exponent decremented:
- *
- * exp-1
- * x = (2 * mant) * 2 (where 2 <= 2 * mant < 4)
- *
- * If the exponent `exp' is even, the square root of the number is best
- * handled using the first form, and is by definition equal to:
- *
- * exp/2
- * sqrt(x) = sqrt(mant) * 2
- *
- * If exp is odd, on the other hand, it is convenient to use the second
- * form, giving:
- *
- * (exp-1)/2
- * sqrt(x) = sqrt(2 * mant) * 2
- *
- * In the first case, we have
- *
- * 1 <= mant < 2
- *
- * and therefore
- *
- * sqrt(1) <= sqrt(mant) < sqrt(2)
- *
- * while in the second case we have
- *
- * 2 <= 2*mant < 4
- *
- * and therefore
- *
- * sqrt(2) <= sqrt(2*mant) < sqrt(4)
- *
- * so that in any case, we are sure that
- *
- * sqrt(1) <= sqrt(n * mant) < sqrt(4), n = 1 or 2
- *
- * or
- *
- * 1 <= sqrt(n * mant) < 2, n = 1 or 2.
- *
- * This root is therefore a properly formed mantissa for a floating
- * point number. The exponent of sqrt(x) is either exp/2 or (exp-1)/2
- * as above. This leaves us with the problem of finding the square root
- * of a fixed-point number in the range [1..4).
- *
- * Though it may not be instantly obvious, the following square root
- * algorithm works for any integer x of an even number of bits, provided
- * that no overflows occur:
- *
- * let q = 0
- * for k = NBITS-1 to 0 step -1 do -- for each digit in the answer...
- * x *= 2 -- multiply by radix, for next digit
- * if x >= 2q + 2^k then -- if adding 2^k does not
- * x -= 2q + 2^k -- exceed the correct root,
- * q += 2^k -- add 2^k and adjust x
- * fi
- * done
- * sqrt = q / 2^(NBITS/2) -- (and any remainder is in x)
- *
- * If NBITS is odd (so that k is initially even), we can just add another
- * zero bit at the top of x. Doing so means that q is not going to acquire
- * a 1 bit in the first trip around the loop (since x0 < 2^NBITS). If the
- * final value in x is not needed, or can be off by a factor of 2, this is
- * equivalant to moving the `x *= 2' step to the bottom of the loop:
- *
- * for k = NBITS-1 to 0 step -1 do if ... fi; x *= 2; done
- *
- * and the result q will then be sqrt(x0) * 2^floor(NBITS / 2).
- * (Since the algorithm is destructive on x, we will call x's initial
- * value, for which q is some power of two times its square root, x0.)
- *
- * If we insert a loop invariant y = 2q, we can then rewrite this using
- * C notation as:
- *
- * q = y = 0; x = x0;
- * for (k = NBITS; --k >= 0;) {
- * #if (NBITS is even)
- * x *= 2;
- * #endif
- * t = y + (1 << k);
- * if (x >= t) {
- * x -= t;
- * q += 1 << k;
- * y += 1 << (k + 1);
- * }
- * #if (NBITS is odd)
- * x *= 2;
- * #endif
- * }
- *
- * If x0 is fixed point, rather than an integer, we can simply alter the
- * scale factor between q and sqrt(x0). As it happens, we can easily arrange
- * for the scale factor to be 2**0 or 1, so that sqrt(x0) == q.
- *
- * In our case, however, x0 (and therefore x, y, q, and t) are multiword
- * integers, which adds some complication. But note that q is built one
- * bit at a time, from the top down, and is not used itself in the loop
- * (we use 2q as held in y instead). This means we can build our answer
- * in an integer, one word at a time, which saves a bit of work. Also,
- * since 1 << k is always a `new' bit in q, 1 << k and 1 << (k+1) are
- * `new' bits in y and we can set them with an `or' operation rather than
- * a full-blown multiword add.
- *
- * We are almost done, except for one snag. We must prove that none of our
- * intermediate calculations can overflow. We know that x0 is in [1..4)
- * and therefore the square root in q will be in [1..2), but what about x,
- * y, and t?
- *
- * We know that y = 2q at the beginning of each loop. (The relation only
- * fails temporarily while y and q are being updated.) Since q < 2, y < 4.
- * The sum in t can, in our case, be as much as y+(1<<1) = y+2 < 6, and.
- * Furthermore, we can prove with a bit of work that x never exceeds y by
- * more than 2, so that even after doubling, 0 <= x < 8. (This is left as
- * an exercise to the reader, mostly because I have become tired of working
- * on this comment.)
- *
- * If our floating point mantissas (which are of the form 1.frac) occupy
- * B+1 bits, our largest intermediary needs at most B+3 bits, or two extra.
- * In fact, we want even one more bit (for a carry, to avoid compares), or
- * three extra. There is a comment in fpu_emu.h reminding maintainers of
- * this, so we have some justification in assuming it.
- */
- struct fpn *
- fpu_sqrt(fe)
- struct fpemu *fe;
- {
- register struct fpn *x = &fe->fe_f2;
- register u_int bit, q, tt;
- register u_int x0, x1, x2, x3;
- register u_int y0, y1, y2, y3;
- register u_int d0, d1, d2, d3;
- register int e;
- FPU_DECL_CARRY
-
- /*
- * Take care of special cases first. In order:
- *
- * sqrt(NaN) = NaN
- * sqrt(+0) = +0
- * sqrt(-0) = -0
- * sqrt(x < 0) = NaN (including sqrt(-Inf))
- * sqrt(+Inf) = +Inf
- *
- * Then all that remains are numbers with mantissas in [1..2).
- */
- if (ISNAN(x) || ISZERO(x))
- return (x);
- if (x->fp_sign)
- return (fpu_newnan(fe));
- if (ISINF(x))
- return (x);
-
- /*
- * Calculate result exponent. As noted above, this may involve
- * doubling the mantissa. We will also need to double x each
- * time around the loop, so we define a macro for this here, and
- * we break out the multiword mantissa.
- */
- #ifdef FPU_SHL1_BY_ADD
- #define DOUBLE_X { FPU_ADDS(x3, x3, x3); FPU_ADDCS(x2, x2, x2); FPU_ADDCS(x1, x1, x1); FPU_ADDC(x0, x0, x0); }
- #else
- #define DOUBLE_X { x0 = (x0 << 1) | (x1 >> 31); x1 = (x1 << 1) | (x2 >> 31); x2 = (x2 << 1) | (x3 >> 31); x3 <<= 1; }
- #endif
- #if (FP_NMANT & 1) != 0
- # define ODD_DOUBLE DOUBLE_X
- # define EVEN_DOUBLE /* nothing */
- #else
- # define ODD_DOUBLE /* nothing */
- # define EVEN_DOUBLE DOUBLE_X
- #endif
- x0 = x->fp_mant[0];
- x1 = x->fp_mant[1];
- x2 = x->fp_mant[2];
- x3 = x->fp_mant[3];
- e = x->fp_exp;
- if (e & 1) /* exponent is odd; use sqrt(2mant) */
- DOUBLE_X;
- /* THE FOLLOWING ASSUMES THAT RIGHT SHIFT DOES SIGN EXTENSION */
- x->fp_exp = e >> 1; /* calculates (e&1 ? (e-1)/2 : e/2 */
-
- /*
- * Now calculate the mantissa root. Since x is now in [1..4),
- * we know that the first trip around the loop will definitely
- * set the top bit in q, so we can do that manually and start
- * the loop at the next bit down instead. We must be sure to
- * double x correctly while doing the `known q=1.0'.
- *
- * We do this one mantissa-word at a time, as noted above, to
- * save work. To avoid `(1 << 31) << 1', we also do the top bit
- * outside of each per-word loop.
- *
- * The calculation `t = y + bit' breaks down into `t0 = y0, ...,
- * t3 = y3, t? |= bit' for the appropriate word. Since the bit
- * is always a `new' one, this means that three of the `t?'s are
- * just the corresponding `y?'; we use `#define's here for this.
- * The variable `tt' holds the actual `t?' variable.
- */
-
- /* calculate q0 */
- #define t0 tt
- bit = FP_1;
- EVEN_DOUBLE;
- /* if (x >= (t0 = y0 | bit)) { */ /* always true */
- q = bit;
- x0 -= bit;
- y0 = bit << 1;
- /* } */
- ODD_DOUBLE;
- while ((bit >>= 1) != 0) { /* for remaining bits in q0 */
- EVEN_DOUBLE;
- t0 = y0 | bit; /* t = y + bit */
- if (x0 >= t0) { /* if x >= t then */
- x0 -= t0; /* x -= t */
- q |= bit; /* q += bit */
- y0 |= bit << 1; /* y += bit << 1 */
- }
- ODD_DOUBLE;
- }
- x->fp_mant[0] = q;
- #undef t0
-
- /* calculate q1. note (y0&1)==0. */
- #define t0 y0
- #define t1 tt
- q = 0;
- y1 = 0;
- bit = 1 << 31;
- EVEN_DOUBLE;
- t1 = bit;
- FPU_SUBS(d1, x1, t1);
- FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0); /* d = x - t */
- if ((int)d0 >= 0) { /* if d >= 0 (i.e., x >= t) then */
- x0 = d0, x1 = d1; /* x -= t */
- q = bit; /* q += bit */
- y0 |= 1; /* y += bit << 1 */
- }
- ODD_DOUBLE;
- while ((bit >>= 1) != 0) { /* for remaining bits in q1 */
- EVEN_DOUBLE; /* as before */
- t1 = y1 | bit;
- FPU_SUBS(d1, x1, t1);
- FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
- if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
- x0 = d0, x1 = d1;
- q |= bit;
- y1 |= bit << 1;
- }
- ODD_DOUBLE;
- }
- x->fp_mant[1] = q;
- #undef t1
-
- /* calculate q2. note (y1&1)==0; y0 (aka t0) is fixed. */
- #define t1 y1
- #define t2 tt
- q = 0;
- y2 = 0;
- bit = 1 << 31;
- EVEN_DOUBLE;
- t2 = bit;
- FPU_SUBS(d2, x2, t2);
- FPU_SUBCS(d1, x1, t1);
- FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
- if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
- x0 = d0, x1 = d1, x2 = d2;
- q |= bit;
- y1 |= 1; /* now t1, y1 are set in concrete */
- }
- ODD_DOUBLE;
- while ((bit >>= 1) != 0) {
- EVEN_DOUBLE;
- t2 = y2 | bit;
- FPU_SUBS(d2, x2, t2);
- FPU_SUBCS(d1, x1, t1);
- FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
- if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
- x0 = d0, x1 = d1, x2 = d2;
- q |= bit;
- y2 |= bit << 1;
- }
- ODD_DOUBLE;
- }
- x->fp_mant[2] = q;
- #undef t2
-
- /* calculate q3. y0, t0, y1, t1 all fixed; y2, t2, almost done. */
- #define t2 y2
- #define t3 tt
- q = 0;
- y3 = 0;
- bit = 1 << 31;
- EVEN_DOUBLE;
- t3 = bit;
- FPU_SUBS(d3, x3, t3);
- FPU_SUBCS(d2, x2, t2);
- FPU_SUBCS(d1, x1, t1);
- FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
- ODD_DOUBLE;
- if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
- x0 = d0, x1 = d1, x2 = d2;
- q |= bit;
- y2 |= 1;
- }
- while ((bit >>= 1) != 0) {
- EVEN_DOUBLE;
- t3 = y3 | bit;
- FPU_SUBS(d3, x3, t3);
- FPU_SUBCS(d2, x2, t2);
- FPU_SUBCS(d1, x1, t1);
- FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
- if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
- x0 = d0, x1 = d1, x2 = d2;
- q |= bit;
- y3 |= bit << 1;
- }
- ODD_DOUBLE;
- }
- x->fp_mant[3] = q;
-
- /*
- * The result, which includes guard and round bits, is exact iff
- * x is now zero; any nonzero bits in x represent sticky bits.
- */
- x->fp_sticky = x0 | x1 | x2 | x3;
- return (x);
- }
-